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The Agreement That Ended The War

But the Americans understood that they could get a better offer directly from London. John Jay quickly told the British that he was ready to negotiate directly with them and cut off France and Spain. The British Prime Minister, Lord Shelburne, agreed. He was responsible for the British negotiations (some of which took place in his studies at Lansdowne House, now a bar at the Lansdowne Club) and now saw a chance to separate the United States from France and make the new country a valuable economic partner. [8] Western conditions were that the United States would reach the entire region east of the Mississippi River, northern Florida and southern Canada. The northern border would be almost the same as it is today. [9] The United States would retain fishing rights off the Coast of Canada and would agree to allow British traders and loyalists to recover their property. It was a very favourable treaty for the United States, from a British point of view. Prime Minister Shelburne predicted a very profitable two-way trade between Britain and the fast-growing United States, as actually happened. [10] Here is an example: Russian soldiers removed thousands of cultural property from Germany during World War II. But Russia and Germany never signed a peace treaty after the war that leaves the status of these objects in an international legal state – and this legal ambiguity helps to support both Germany`s efforts to recapture these objects and Russia`s argument that it has the right to keep them as a rendition. Soldiers and civilians applauded on November 11, 1918, the reasoning and treaty that followed.

But historians have often disparaged the Treaty of Versaille – and its famous war reparation clause which, according to some experts, was one of the causes of the Second World War. The United States abstained from signing this treaty. The United States has also not joined the League of Nations, the International Forum on Dispute Resolution designed by President Woodrow Wilson – another factor that may have hampered the effectiveness of the treaty. But in all the problems of Versailles, this meant the clear end of a great war in a way we rarely see today. Among the many provisions of the treaty, one of the most important and controversial required „Germany [the responsibility of Germany and its allies] for the cause of loss and harm“ during the war (the other members of the central powers signed treaties containing similar articles). This article, Section 231, later became known as the War Debt Clause. The treaty required Germany to disarm, make abundant territorial concessions and pay reparations to certain countries formed by the powers of the Agreement. In 1921, the total cost of these repairs was estimated at 132 billion gold marks (at the time $31.4 billion, or $6.6 billion, or about $442 billion, or 284 billion British dollars in 2020). At the time, economists, particularly John Maynard Keynes (a British delegate to the Paris peace conference), predicted that the treaty was too harsh – a „Carthaginian peace“ – and said that the number of reparations was excessive and counterproductive, opinions that have been the subject of debate from historians and economists since then.

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